Not all hybrids have electric motors and batteries

When it comes to transportation, hybridization is not new. Hybrid cars and trucks that combine an electric motor with a gasoline engine date back to the turn of the 20th century. Hybrid diesel-electric locomotives have been in operation for years, and in the 1970s, small numbers of diesel-electric buses began to appear. On a smaller scale, a moped is a hybrid — it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of the rider. So, any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power is considered a hybrid vehicle (HV). Today, when hybrid and vehicle are used together — think Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion Hybrid or Honda Civic Hybrid — that vehicle, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Each of these vehicles combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor that receives electricity from a battery pack. Today’s gasoline- and diesel electric hybrid systems are very complex, high-tech wonders in design and operation. Components include controllers, generators, converters, inverters, regenerative braking and, of course, a battery pack — either nickel-metal hydride or lithium ion. HEVs offer benefits that their conventional gasoline or diesel counterparts do not have — increased fuel economy and fewer harmful emissions coming out the tailpipe. But to achieve the same results not all hybrid vehicles require electric motors and batteries. Here’s a look at three alternative hybrid systems. One is now employed in big trucks and could find its way into cars, one is likely to appear in a 2016 BMW and the third could be on the road in three years. Hydraulic — Not Just For The Big Dogs Last August I featured an article about a hydraulic hybrid system that has made its way into big diesel refuse trucks, the ones that come around once a week and pick up our trash. On a good day, a garbage hauler will eke out 4 to 5 mpg. Then there are all those icky, nasty pollutants pouring out of the exhaust stacks. But thanks to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), yes, those same government folks who monitor environmental laws and fuel mileage testing, a hydraulic hybrid system they pioneered increases fuel economy in the big rigs by as much as 33 percent and reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) by 40 percent. The principal of the hydraulic system is similar to a HEV. It recovers a portion of the energy normally lost as heat by the vehicle’s brakes. But instead of a battery pack, a hydraulic system uses pistons to capture the wasted energy by compressing nitrogen gas stored in a tank, called an accumulator. When the driver lets off the accelerator pedal, the wheels drive a hydraulic pump that pumps hydraulic fluid to compress the nitrogen gas and slows the truck down. When the driver accelerates, the nitrogen is allowed to expand and pushes a piston in a cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid. This action assists the diesel engine in turning the rear wheels. The hydraulic system performs remarkably well on the big dog trucks, but what about light duty trucks or passenger cars? The Center For Compact and Efficient Fluid Power (CCEFP), a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota is working on that. The center’s â€Å"Generation 2† vehicle — a Ford F-150 pickup — utilizes a custom-built continuously variable power split hydraulic transmission. It is complemented with hydraulic accumulators to enable hybrid operation. To be competitive, the system must demonstrate advantages over BEVs. Design specifications for the vehicle include: vibration and harshness comparable to a passenger vehicle; a 0 to 60 mph time of 8 seconds; climb a grade of 8 percent; emissions that meet California standards; and the big one, fuel economy of 70 mpg under the federal drive cycles. Steaming Along Twin brothers Francis and Freelan Stanley, inventors of the Stanley Steamer, would likely approve of BMW’s innovative use of the same principal that worked to power their steam engine cars more than 100 years ago to improve the efficiency in modern vehicles. Called Turbosteamer, this system uses wasted heat energy from an engine’s wasted exhaust gases to contribute power to the automobile. This steam assist system starts with a heat exchanger located between the engine and the catalyst that turns water into steam. The pressurized steam is then carried to what is essentially a small steam engine. A second, smaller steam engine produces a little more mechanical energy. I began following this technology in 2005 when BMW said the two steam engines combined generated 14 horsepower and 15 pounds-feet of torque on a 1.8-liter four-cylinder engine. Additionally, fuel economy improved by 15 percent in overall driving. The automaker also said it intended to make the Turbosteamer ready for volume production in a number of its vehicles within a decade. Well, it’s 10 years later, will it see production? Since then, researchers and engineers focused on reducing the size of the components and making the system simpler to improve dynamics. They came up with an innovative expansion turbine based on the principle of the impulse turbine. The system is now smaller, costs less and the developers say fuel consumption is reduced by up to 10 percent during highway driving. While the Turbosteamer can’t compare its greenness to the BMW i3 all-electric car, a 10 percent improvement in fuel economy for an â€Å"Ultimate Driving Machine† is nothing to sneeze at. It’s possible a Turbosteamer equipped BMW vehicle will be introduced next year. Not Just A Bunch Of Hot Air The idea that compressed air could power a viable zero emissions car has been pursued for years by many respected engineers. In 2000, there was much ado about a new compressed air, zero pollution vehicle from French inventor and Formula One engine builder, Guy Nà ¨gre. His company, Motor Development International (MDI), rolled out an urban-sized car, taxi, pickup and van that were powered by an air engine. Instead of those tiny, tiny explosions of gasoline and oxygen pushing the pistons up and down, like in a normal internal combustion engine, the all-aluminum four-cylinder air engine used compressed air for the job. A hybrid version, using a small gasoline engine to power an onboard compressor for a constant supply of compressed air, was claimed to be able to travel from Los Angeles to New York on just one tank of gas. In 2007 MDI signed an agreement with Tata Motors, India’s largest automobile manufacturer to produce air cars in 2008, followed by the hybrid version in 2009. No cars were produced. That’s perhaps one of the reasons compressed air-powered cars have been the butt of jokes among the green car community. Today, the number of jokes has diminished. That’s the result of Peugeot’s introduction of the 208 HYbrid Air 2L Prototype at the 2014 Paris Auto in October. (Full Review). It employs a compressed air tank that turns a hydraulic motor for additional power or zero emissions city driving rather than a battery for the same functions. Like a BEV, during normal driving the car is powered by the gasoline engine. Compressed air is called upon for additional power when passing or traversing a hill. In this situation, power from both the engine and hydraulic motor are directed to the front wheels via an epicyclic transmission, similar to the planetary gear set transmission used by the Toyota Prius. In city driving, where less power is needed and emissions-free driving is the priority, rather than power provided by a battery, the compressed air alone motivates the car. The compressed air tank is recharged when braking or by using part of the energy developed by the three-cylinder gasoline engine to compress the air. During the Pairs Show, Peugeot said if another large auto manufacturer would buy into the technology to enable production in enough numbers to assure manufacturing affordability, the HYbrid Air could be on the market in three or so years. Two reports from Europe are suggesting, without naming the car company, that Peugeot has found an interested partner. Last Word It’s not certain that any of these three alternative hybrid systems will be available in production vehicles, and if they are, what kind of an impact they will have in the marketplace. What is clear is, electricity in the drivetrain isn’t the only way to hybridize a vehicle.

The Conflict Between Catholic And Protestant Churches

In the 17th century, the conflict between Catholic churches and Protestant churches threw Europe into a great turmoil (Buelow 9). Half of Europe was plagued by the seemingly endless wars of religion, and countries such as Italy and Germany broke into numerous political fragments (Buelow 9). After the Thirty Years’ War, there existed more than 300 principalities in Germany (Vaubel 280); Italy also split into many independent or semi-independent states (Buelow 9). During this religious upheaval in the 17th century, a new type of music, Baroque music, developed rapidly and became increasingly prominent. Considering the social and political instability and the enormous financial drain brought by the endless warfare in central, western and northern Europe in the 17th century, it is remarkable that Baroque music not only survived but also developed rapidly (Buelow 9-10). How could Baroque music develop so rapidly in the great religious turmoil in 17th century? The answer is that the conflict between Catholic and Protestant churches and the political fragmentation in the 17th century spurred the rapid rise of Baroque music. Firstly, the conflict between Catholic churches and Protestant churches induced their competition for more spiritually moving music, which led to an increasing demand for musicians, and offered more freedom of innovation for composers. Secondly, the conflict between Catholic churches and Protestant churches in the 17th century led to the politicalShow MoreRelatedProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 PagesHI 101 Essay 3 Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. 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My Son My Executioner free essay sample

In 1995 Kenyon died from leukemia. Halls My Son, My Executioner was written in 1955. My Son, My Executioner by Donald Hall out of Literature and the Writing Process, contains a lot of symbolism, irony, and some contradictions. It focuses on the speakers child. The child is an infant, and the speaker is likely the author. The poem discusses struggles new parents feel as they attempt to bond with their new child. The title My Son My Executioner sets the mood for the irony of the poem. The speaker seems pessimistic about parenthood, saying their small newborn sons new life is the parents demise.The writer exaggerates the fact he being a parent is very demanding with irony throughout the poem. Parents generally have mixed emotions as they are giving up who they once were so that they may now bring a new life into the world. The first stanza begins with irony, My son, my executioner, I take you in my arms, quiet and small and just astir, and whom my body warms. My executioner implies the son is killing his father. The first stanza is also symbolic of the parents new responsibility to their new child. The father is holding his son who is stiff or up and about, or moving around, and warming the little child with his own body heat.This implies the father loves his child. He is caring for the child. This is ironic as the son is the fathers executioner. Most would be nervous or frightened by someone who was meant to kill them. This father is giving a part of himself to the child in the first stanza. He warms his child with his body (Longhand 363). When a couple brings a child into the world they must make many sacrifices. They begin a new life. In the second stanza the speaker says, Your cries and hungers document our bodily decay. This is symbolic of new parents sacrificing their life for their child. Parents, especially parents of new baby, sacrifice a lot of sleep for example. When one does not sleep they feel ill in many ways. They may feel like zombies without sleep. They give up time they had once spent caring for themselves. They now spend much of that time caring for a demanding newborn. The physical and emotional demands of caring for a newborn exhausting for parents. Also in the second stanza the speaker writes, Sweet death, small son, our instrument of immortality there are two origins of irony here. Sweet death to most people does not seem like fitting words for a newborn. Death is not sweet.Death is sad and cold. However, when thinking about the amount of energy parents spend on their infants, and how at times, they feel like the life has been sucked out of them sweet death begins to sound accurate. Parents love their children. They will do anything for their child even if the child has demanding needs (Longhand 363). No matter how exhausting a newborn is they are also so very pleasing for the parents. When looking at the phrase instrument of immortality one has to think of the definitions of instrument and immortality. An instrument is a device used to produce something. Immortality is the ability to live forever.The writer is saying the infant IS an instrument used to produce the ability to live forever. A child represents the continuity of a bloodline. The parent will live on through their child. Children will many times take traits from the parents. They may have similar habits, possibly a similar character as the parent. A child is generally a symbol of new life (Longhand 363). When a child is born, life is not so carefree for the new parents anymore. There is a greater sense of responsibility. The third stanza begins, We twenty- five and twenty-two, who seemed to live forever represents how young people feel like life is never ending.There is so much life to live at twenty-five and twenty-two. Observe enduring life in you and Start to die together symbolizes the parents seeing this new life in their small son. After having a child this young couple may be seeing that nothing is forever. As they see their child grow and change they may begin to see their lives shifting towards the end of life. Children have the ability to fight through things that would bring adults down. The amount of strength it takes to learn to crawl and walk is astounding.When an adult is injured and must use rehabilitation to learn o walk again it may take them years before they retrain their muscles to hold their body up. Many children can learn to walk in less than a year. They endure much more than an adult would be able to. The parents watch their son through sleepy exhausted eyes. They both realize how amazing this new life is but know they are no longer the same. They have died a little. The individual is forced to take on a new persona when they give birth to a child. A woman is now a mother and a man is now a father (Longhand 363).This poem is beautifully written and speaks truth to parents who have endured the love and loss of having children. As pessimistic as this poem may appear many parents may be able to relate. Parents generally have mixed emotions as they are giving up who they once were so that they may now bring a new life into the world. After graduating college in 1953 and writing this poem in 1 955 this author may not have felt ready to bring a new life into the world. Not feeling ready for a child and feeling exhausted from the demands of a newborn are common. Some that have children and have felt this way may even find humor in My Son, My Executioner.

Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards Essay Example

Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards Paper Jonathan Edwards established the Puritan faith. Both of these powerful men have Influenced the outcome of America, one way or another. Mr.. Henry strives to convince his fellow congressmen to step out of their comfort zone, accept reality and fight for the American values. Mr.. Edwards on the other hand shook the listeners with vivid descriptions and gruesome details of the punishments of the nonbelievers. Though they talked in different time periods and manipulated a different audience, they were successful in their own way. Patrick Henry and Jonathan Edwards used different techniques to convey their message. Henry reverted to logic, and Edwards focused on emotions, when talking to the people. At the time of Patrick speech and Jonathan sermons the communities of America were very religious base. Children learned to read by reciting the bible. In many cities people were expected to attend church on Sunday and refrain from doing other work. Both men had different purposes but they had to shape their talks according to the society. In his speech, Mr.. Henry makes countless mentions of God. Is a Just God of nature who presides over the destines f nations and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for (Henry 205). Also, if we make proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power?C,-? (Henry 205). At one point he even asks God for help. It, Almighty God! I know not what course others may (Henry 206). Patrick also praises God here, of an act of disloyalty toward the Majestic of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings? (Henry 203). Jonathan talks are mainly about God and religion, however, John takes a different perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mr.. Edwards describes God. He paints an image of God in people minds. Instead of using godly terminology like Patrick Henry to win the interest, Jonathan Edwards associates powerful words with God, like; omnipotent, sovereign, wrath, fury, and destruction (Edwards 102-03). He strikes fear into the hearts of the people by telling them that power Is unlimited and his anger Is uncontrollable. These two magnificent men have their own stratagems (unit 4) of conveying their message. When Patrick Henry starts his speech, he begins by complimenting his audience. In this way Henry is able to capture their attention and interest. Well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed this Henry 203). Jonathan Edwards on the other hand start his sermon with a slap on the face. Is the case of every one of you that are out of Christ: That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, Is extended abroad under you?c,-. ?CLC (Edwards 102). He Is straightforward. Edwards openly states that anyone outside the Puritan belief better prepare himself for the flames of the wrath of god?C,-?D (Edwards 102). In this way he scares the daydreams out of the people? mind and can work with the full attention of the audience. Both Henry and Edwards wanted the same outcome of their talks. They both wanted the listeners to go home and think about the things they had heard, and based their choice on those Ks Henry Ana towards were along WI TN Deterrent audiences Ana teen Ana to take different methods to appeal to the people. Mr.. Henry, who had an educated and decision making audience, used analytic logic to convince his listeners. He asks his audience, fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and (Henry 204). Henry uses logic again, when he accurately describes the frustration of the people. He acknowledges all of the peaceful efforts to gain some consideration in British Parliament or at least have fair reattempt. We try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years?C,-1?0 (Henry 204). With the use of his reason and some tactical wording Henry persuades the people that it is now time to take aggressive action against the suppressing mother country. Is no longer any room for hope. ? which we have pledged ourselves over never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained-we must (Henry 205). Jonathan Edwards who had a different audience took a much unique approach. He used fear to hammer his message into the mind of his listeners. To create his mood Edwards seed nefarious (unit 3) words and phrases, like pit of glowing as lead, and to tend downwards with great weigh t and pressure towards your destruction would come like a being made drunk with your ? are crying in extreme misery and perfect ? wrath and infinite and finally, have reason to wonder that you are not already in hell. ? (Edwards 102-06). Also Edwards tries very vigorously in trying to paint a vivid picture of Hell and wrath. Is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain lay hold of them and swallow them (Edwards 102). Jonathan wants to harness the emotions. He wants them to sit straight on the bench; he wants all eyes and ears on him. Edwards wants the people to walk out of service that day while reconsidering their sinful deeds. Both men wanted a change. One was unhappy with the government system, and the other disliked the religious genuineness. If one wants a change then they want to fix the mistakes or the errors of that system. Patrick Henry pointed out faults in government system, rather than pointing out the faults of the people in the government. We shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called back to win our Henry 204). Jonathan Edwards mercilessly dove into the core of the problem. He openly decried (unit 3) lives. Mr.. Edwards was not afraid to rip someone apart. Re ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most venomous serpent in ours?C,-1?: . ?C,-1?0 (Edwards 104) These two extraordinary men were able to annex their audience. On of their techniques was the usage of literary elements. Patrick Henry used the rhetorical question. He wanted his listeners to think while he spoke. This the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for (Henry 204). This kept his listener s interested. Jonathan Edwards keeps his audience with the use of metaphor. This way, his listeners were able to relate to something they knew and put it in equation. Is of purer eyes than to bear to have you In Nils slang; you are ten ottomans tales more damnable In Nils eyes, tan ten most hateful venomous serpent is in . ?C,-1?0 (Edwards 104). In conclusion, Patrick Henry and Jonathan Edwards used a variety of different techniques to convey their message. They were working with different people but each man personalized his sermon in a unique way to fit with the audience.