Not all hybrids have electric motors and batteries

When it comes to transportation, hybridization is not new. Hybrid cars and trucks that combine an electric motor with a gasoline engine date back to the turn of the 20th century. Hybrid diesel-electric locomotives have been in operation for years, and in the 1970s, small numbers of diesel-electric buses began to appear. On a smaller scale, a moped is a hybrid — it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of the rider. So, any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power is considered a hybrid vehicle (HV). Today, when hybrid and vehicle are used together — think Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion Hybrid or Honda Civic Hybrid — that vehicle, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Each of these vehicles combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor that receives electricity from a battery pack. Today’s gasoline- and diesel electric hybrid systems are very complex, high-tech wonders in design and operation. Components include controllers, generators, converters, inverters, regenerative braking and, of course, a battery pack — either nickel-metal hydride or lithium ion. HEVs offer benefits that their conventional gasoline or diesel counterparts do not have — increased fuel economy and fewer harmful emissions coming out the tailpipe. But to achieve the same results not all hybrid vehicles require electric motors and batteries. Here’s a look at three alternative hybrid systems. One is now employed in big trucks and could find its way into cars, one is likely to appear in a 2016 BMW and the third could be on the road in three years. Hydraulic — Not Just For The Big Dogs Last August I featured an article about a hydraulic hybrid system that has made its way into big diesel refuse trucks, the ones that come around once a week and pick up our trash. On a good day, a garbage hauler will eke out 4 to 5 mpg. Then there are all those icky, nasty pollutants pouring out of the exhaust stacks. But thanks to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), yes, those same government folks who monitor environmental laws and fuel mileage testing, a hydraulic hybrid system they pioneered increases fuel economy in the big rigs by as much as 33 percent and reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) by 40 percent. The principal of the hydraulic system is similar to a HEV. It recovers a portion of the energy normally lost as heat by the vehicle’s brakes. But instead of a battery pack, a hydraulic system uses pistons to capture the wasted energy by compressing nitrogen gas stored in a tank, called an accumulator. When the driver lets off the accelerator pedal, the wheels drive a hydraulic pump that pumps hydraulic fluid to compress the nitrogen gas and slows the truck down. When the driver accelerates, the nitrogen is allowed to expand and pushes a piston in a cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid. This action assists the diesel engine in turning the rear wheels. The hydraulic system performs remarkably well on the big dog trucks, but what about light duty trucks or passenger cars? The Center For Compact and Efficient Fluid Power (CCEFP), a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota is working on that. The center’s â€Å"Generation 2† vehicle — a Ford F-150 pickup — utilizes a custom-built continuously variable power split hydraulic transmission. It is complemented with hydraulic accumulators to enable hybrid operation. To be competitive, the system must demonstrate advantages over BEVs. Design specifications for the vehicle include: vibration and harshness comparable to a passenger vehicle; a 0 to 60 mph time of 8 seconds; climb a grade of 8 percent; emissions that meet California standards; and the big one, fuel economy of 70 mpg under the federal drive cycles. Steaming Along Twin brothers Francis and Freelan Stanley, inventors of the Stanley Steamer, would likely approve of BMW’s innovative use of the same principal that worked to power their steam engine cars more than 100 years ago to improve the efficiency in modern vehicles. Called Turbosteamer, this system uses wasted heat energy from an engine’s wasted exhaust gases to contribute power to the automobile. This steam assist system starts with a heat exchanger located between the engine and the catalyst that turns water into steam. The pressurized steam is then carried to what is essentially a small steam engine. A second, smaller steam engine produces a little more mechanical energy. I began following this technology in 2005 when BMW said the two steam engines combined generated 14 horsepower and 15 pounds-feet of torque on a 1.8-liter four-cylinder engine. Additionally, fuel economy improved by 15 percent in overall driving. The automaker also said it intended to make the Turbosteamer ready for volume production in a number of its vehicles within a decade. Well, it’s 10 years later, will it see production? Since then, researchers and engineers focused on reducing the size of the components and making the system simpler to improve dynamics. They came up with an innovative expansion turbine based on the principle of the impulse turbine. The system is now smaller, costs less and the developers say fuel consumption is reduced by up to 10 percent during highway driving. While the Turbosteamer can’t compare its greenness to the BMW i3 all-electric car, a 10 percent improvement in fuel economy for an â€Å"Ultimate Driving Machine† is nothing to sneeze at. It’s possible a Turbosteamer equipped BMW vehicle will be introduced next year. Not Just A Bunch Of Hot Air The idea that compressed air could power a viable zero emissions car has been pursued for years by many respected engineers. In 2000, there was much ado about a new compressed air, zero pollution vehicle from French inventor and Formula One engine builder, Guy Nà ¨gre. His company, Motor Development International (MDI), rolled out an urban-sized car, taxi, pickup and van that were powered by an air engine. Instead of those tiny, tiny explosions of gasoline and oxygen pushing the pistons up and down, like in a normal internal combustion engine, the all-aluminum four-cylinder air engine used compressed air for the job. A hybrid version, using a small gasoline engine to power an onboard compressor for a constant supply of compressed air, was claimed to be able to travel from Los Angeles to New York on just one tank of gas. In 2007 MDI signed an agreement with Tata Motors, India’s largest automobile manufacturer to produce air cars in 2008, followed by the hybrid version in 2009. No cars were produced. That’s perhaps one of the reasons compressed air-powered cars have been the butt of jokes among the green car community. Today, the number of jokes has diminished. That’s the result of Peugeot’s introduction of the 208 HYbrid Air 2L Prototype at the 2014 Paris Auto in October. (Full Review). It employs a compressed air tank that turns a hydraulic motor for additional power or zero emissions city driving rather than a battery for the same functions. Like a BEV, during normal driving the car is powered by the gasoline engine. Compressed air is called upon for additional power when passing or traversing a hill. In this situation, power from both the engine and hydraulic motor are directed to the front wheels via an epicyclic transmission, similar to the planetary gear set transmission used by the Toyota Prius. In city driving, where less power is needed and emissions-free driving is the priority, rather than power provided by a battery, the compressed air alone motivates the car. The compressed air tank is recharged when braking or by using part of the energy developed by the three-cylinder gasoline engine to compress the air. During the Pairs Show, Peugeot said if another large auto manufacturer would buy into the technology to enable production in enough numbers to assure manufacturing affordability, the HYbrid Air could be on the market in three or so years. Two reports from Europe are suggesting, without naming the car company, that Peugeot has found an interested partner. Last Word It’s not certain that any of these three alternative hybrid systems will be available in production vehicles, and if they are, what kind of an impact they will have in the marketplace. What is clear is, electricity in the drivetrain isn’t the only way to hybridize a vehicle.

The Conflict Between Catholic And Protestant Churches

In the 17th century, the conflict between Catholic churches and Protestant churches threw Europe into a great turmoil (Buelow 9). Half of Europe was plagued by the seemingly endless wars of religion, and countries such as Italy and Germany broke into numerous political fragments (Buelow 9). After the Thirty Years’ War, there existed more than 300 principalities in Germany (Vaubel 280); Italy also split into many independent or semi-independent states (Buelow 9). During this religious upheaval in the 17th century, a new type of music, Baroque music, developed rapidly and became increasingly prominent. Considering the social and political instability and the enormous financial drain brought by the endless warfare in central, western and northern Europe in the 17th century, it is remarkable that Baroque music not only survived but also developed rapidly (Buelow 9-10). How could Baroque music develop so rapidly in the great religious turmoil in 17th century? The answer is that the conflict between Catholic and Protestant churches and the political fragmentation in the 17th century spurred the rapid rise of Baroque music. Firstly, the conflict between Catholic churches and Protestant churches induced their competition for more spiritually moving music, which led to an increasing demand for musicians, and offered more freedom of innovation for composers. Secondly, the conflict between Catholic churches and Protestant churches in the 17th century led to the politicalShow MoreRelatedProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 PagesHI 101 Essay 3 Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. 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The Protestant Reformation was the voicing of disagreements by a German Catholic priest about the Catholic Church; this priest was Martin Luther and was excommunicatedRead More Protestant Reformation Essay804 Words   |  4 Pages PROTESTANT REFORMATION: A MENTOR TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When we talk about Protestant Reformation, what usually comes to our mind is a movement that brought about negative effects not just in Europe but also in the whole Catholic Church, which are still being felt and experienced even today. Although it may be true that the Protestant Reformation had been one of the causes of the gradual decline of the Catholic Church during the 16th century, it also brought about

My Son My Executioner free essay sample

In 1995 Kenyon died from leukemia. Halls My Son, My Executioner was written in 1955. My Son, My Executioner by Donald Hall out of Literature and the Writing Process, contains a lot of symbolism, irony, and some contradictions. It focuses on the speakers child. The child is an infant, and the speaker is likely the author. The poem discusses struggles new parents feel as they attempt to bond with their new child. The title My Son My Executioner sets the mood for the irony of the poem. The speaker seems pessimistic about parenthood, saying their small newborn sons new life is the parents demise.The writer exaggerates the fact he being a parent is very demanding with irony throughout the poem. Parents generally have mixed emotions as they are giving up who they once were so that they may now bring a new life into the world. The first stanza begins with irony, My son, my executioner, I take you in my arms, quiet and small and just astir, and whom my body warms. My executioner implies the son is killing his father. The first stanza is also symbolic of the parents new responsibility to their new child. The father is holding his son who is stiff or up and about, or moving around, and warming the little child with his own body heat.This implies the father loves his child. He is caring for the child. This is ironic as the son is the fathers executioner. Most would be nervous or frightened by someone who was meant to kill them. This father is giving a part of himself to the child in the first stanza. He warms his child with his body (Longhand 363). When a couple brings a child into the world they must make many sacrifices. They begin a new life. In the second stanza the speaker says, Your cries and hungers document our bodily decay. This is symbolic of new parents sacrificing their life for their child. Parents, especially parents of new baby, sacrifice a lot of sleep for example. When one does not sleep they feel ill in many ways. They may feel like zombies without sleep. They give up time they had once spent caring for themselves. They now spend much of that time caring for a demanding newborn. The physical and emotional demands of caring for a newborn exhausting for parents. Also in the second stanza the speaker writes, Sweet death, small son, our instrument of immortality there are two origins of irony here. Sweet death to most people does not seem like fitting words for a newborn. Death is not sweet.Death is sad and cold. However, when thinking about the amount of energy parents spend on their infants, and how at times, they feel like the life has been sucked out of them sweet death begins to sound accurate. Parents love their children. They will do anything for their child even if the child has demanding needs (Longhand 363). No matter how exhausting a newborn is they are also so very pleasing for the parents. When looking at the phrase instrument of immortality one has to think of the definitions of instrument and immortality. An instrument is a device used to produce something. Immortality is the ability to live forever.The writer is saying the infant IS an instrument used to produce the ability to live forever. A child represents the continuity of a bloodline. The parent will live on through their child. Children will many times take traits from the parents. They may have similar habits, possibly a similar character as the parent. A child is generally a symbol of new life (Longhand 363). When a child is born, life is not so carefree for the new parents anymore. There is a greater sense of responsibility. The third stanza begins, We twenty- five and twenty-two, who seemed to live forever represents how young people feel like life is never ending.There is so much life to live at twenty-five and twenty-two. Observe enduring life in you and Start to die together symbolizes the parents seeing this new life in their small son. After having a child this young couple may be seeing that nothing is forever. As they see their child grow and change they may begin to see their lives shifting towards the end of life. Children have the ability to fight through things that would bring adults down. The amount of strength it takes to learn to crawl and walk is astounding.When an adult is injured and must use rehabilitation to learn o walk again it may take them years before they retrain their muscles to hold their body up. Many children can learn to walk in less than a year. They endure much more than an adult would be able to. The parents watch their son through sleepy exhausted eyes. They both realize how amazing this new life is but know they are no longer the same. They have died a little. The individual is forced to take on a new persona when they give birth to a child. A woman is now a mother and a man is now a father (Longhand 363).This poem is beautifully written and speaks truth to parents who have endured the love and loss of having children. As pessimistic as this poem may appear many parents may be able to relate. Parents generally have mixed emotions as they are giving up who they once were so that they may now bring a new life into the world. After graduating college in 1953 and writing this poem in 1 955 this author may not have felt ready to bring a new life into the world. Not feeling ready for a child and feeling exhausted from the demands of a newborn are common. Some that have children and have felt this way may even find humor in My Son, My Executioner.

Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards Essay Example

Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards Paper Jonathan Edwards established the Puritan faith. Both of these powerful men have Influenced the outcome of America, one way or another. Mr.. Henry strives to convince his fellow congressmen to step out of their comfort zone, accept reality and fight for the American values. Mr.. Edwards on the other hand shook the listeners with vivid descriptions and gruesome details of the punishments of the nonbelievers. Though they talked in different time periods and manipulated a different audience, they were successful in their own way. Patrick Henry and Jonathan Edwards used different techniques to convey their message. Henry reverted to logic, and Edwards focused on emotions, when talking to the people. At the time of Patrick speech and Jonathan sermons the communities of America were very religious base. Children learned to read by reciting the bible. In many cities people were expected to attend church on Sunday and refrain from doing other work. Both men had different purposes but they had to shape their talks according to the society. In his speech, Mr.. Henry makes countless mentions of God. Is a Just God of nature who presides over the destines f nations and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for (Henry 205). Also, if we make proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power?C,-? (Henry 205). At one point he even asks God for help. It, Almighty God! I know not what course others may (Henry 206). Patrick also praises God here, of an act of disloyalty toward the Majestic of Heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings? (Henry 203). Jonathan talks are mainly about God and religion, however, John takes a different perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Henery vs. Johnathan Edwards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mr.. Edwards describes God. He paints an image of God in people minds. Instead of using godly terminology like Patrick Henry to win the interest, Jonathan Edwards associates powerful words with God, like; omnipotent, sovereign, wrath, fury, and destruction (Edwards 102-03). He strikes fear into the hearts of the people by telling them that power Is unlimited and his anger Is uncontrollable. These two magnificent men have their own stratagems (unit 4) of conveying their message. When Patrick Henry starts his speech, he begins by complimenting his audience. In this way Henry is able to capture their attention and interest. Well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just addressed this Henry 203). Jonathan Edwards on the other hand start his sermon with a slap on the face. Is the case of every one of you that are out of Christ: That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, Is extended abroad under you?c,-. ?CLC (Edwards 102). He Is straightforward. Edwards openly states that anyone outside the Puritan belief better prepare himself for the flames of the wrath of god?C,-?D (Edwards 102). In this way he scares the daydreams out of the people? mind and can work with the full attention of the audience. Both Henry and Edwards wanted the same outcome of their talks. They both wanted the listeners to go home and think about the things they had heard, and based their choice on those Ks Henry Ana towards were along WI TN Deterrent audiences Ana teen Ana to take different methods to appeal to the people. Mr.. Henry, who had an educated and decision making audience, used analytic logic to convince his listeners. He asks his audience, fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and (Henry 204). Henry uses logic again, when he accurately describes the frustration of the people. He acknowledges all of the peaceful efforts to gain some consideration in British Parliament or at least have fair reattempt. We try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last ten years?C,-1?0 (Henry 204). With the use of his reason and some tactical wording Henry persuades the people that it is now time to take aggressive action against the suppressing mother country. Is no longer any room for hope. ? which we have pledged ourselves over never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained-we must (Henry 205). Jonathan Edwards who had a different audience took a much unique approach. He used fear to hammer his message into the mind of his listeners. To create his mood Edwards seed nefarious (unit 3) words and phrases, like pit of glowing as lead, and to tend downwards with great weigh t and pressure towards your destruction would come like a being made drunk with your ? are crying in extreme misery and perfect ? wrath and infinite and finally, have reason to wonder that you are not already in hell. ? (Edwards 102-06). Also Edwards tries very vigorously in trying to paint a vivid picture of Hell and wrath. Is gaping for them, the flames gather and flash about them, and would fain lay hold of them and swallow them (Edwards 102). Jonathan wants to harness the emotions. He wants them to sit straight on the bench; he wants all eyes and ears on him. Edwards wants the people to walk out of service that day while reconsidering their sinful deeds. Both men wanted a change. One was unhappy with the government system, and the other disliked the religious genuineness. If one wants a change then they want to fix the mistakes or the errors of that system. Patrick Henry pointed out faults in government system, rather than pointing out the faults of the people in the government. We shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called back to win our Henry 204). Jonathan Edwards mercilessly dove into the core of the problem. He openly decried (unit 3) lives. Mr.. Edwards was not afraid to rip someone apart. Re ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes, than the most venomous serpent in ours?C,-1?: . ?C,-1?0 (Edwards 104) These two extraordinary men were able to annex their audience. On of their techniques was the usage of literary elements. Patrick Henry used the rhetorical question. He wanted his listeners to think while he spoke. This the part of wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for (Henry 204). This kept his listener s interested. Jonathan Edwards keeps his audience with the use of metaphor. This way, his listeners were able to relate to something they knew and put it in equation. Is of purer eyes than to bear to have you In Nils slang; you are ten ottomans tales more damnable In Nils eyes, tan ten most hateful venomous serpent is in . ?C,-1?0 (Edwards 104). In conclusion, Patrick Henry and Jonathan Edwards used a variety of different techniques to convey their message. They were working with different people but each man personalized his sermon in a unique way to fit with the audience.

Hrm Practices in South Asia Essays

Hrm Practices in South Asia Essays Hrm Practices in South Asia Essay Hrm Practices in South Asia Essay South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is the southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities (see below), also includes the adjoining countries to the west and the east. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate, which rises above sea level as the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. South Asia is surrounded (clockwise, from west) by Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia and the Indian Ocean. According to the United Nations geographical region classification, Southern Asia comprises the countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, Afghanistan, Iran and Sri Lanka. By other definitions and interpretations (see below), Myanmar and Tibet are also sometimes included in the region of South Asia. South Asia is home to well over one fifth of the worlds population, making it both the most populous and most densely populated geographical region in the world. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation is an economic cooperation organization in the region. South America Backgorund Using survey data from the Americas Barometer by the Latin American Public Opinion Project at Vanderbilt, Corral concluded that â€Å"happiness in Latin America and the Caribbean is related to economic factors as well as social, political and demographic factors. At least within this region, economic development at the national levels explains different levels of life satisfaction among citizens in the region. † Corral found that economic factors- income and perceptions of the individual and national situations- bear a positive correlation with levels of life satisfaction. It is no surprise, then, that survey respondents in earthquake-ravaged Haiti, the poorest country in the region, ranked the lowest on the life satisfaction index at 35. 4 percent. But, most people in the rest of Latin America see themselves as happy. Brazil led the pack at 71. 6 percent, followed by Costa Rica (67. 7 percent), Venezuela (65. 6 percent) and Panama (65. 1 percent), with Trinidad Tobago and Honduras tied at 63. 3 percent. Jamaica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Belize and Peru are all above 50 percent. For the region as a whole, perception of individual economic conditions is by far the strongest predictor of individual happiness, Corral found. Those with better economic profiles are happier. A person’s subjective view of his wealth was more influential on his satisfaction level than an objective measure of wealth. â€Å"It is possible that this relationship is driven by dual causality,† Corral wrote. â€Å"A perceived positive economic situation increases happiness, and as well, happy people tend to perceive better economic situations. Marriage has a positive but not significant effect on life satisfaction among the region’s citizens, Corral found. Churchgoers and those who are surrounded by people they trust register high levels of satisfaction. Women, the elderly, young adults, the better educated and those who live in large cities likewise express high levels of happiness. Having children and being unemployed weigh negatively on individual satisfaction. Co untry People values, Business Tradition, Etiquette Business Culture of South Asia Historically, South Asia is an agricultural country with a very small industrial sector employing about 40 percent of the active labor force. Smallness of industrial sector may seem to be congenial to the development of a healthy industrial relationship but this could not be realized even within a period of fifty-eight years of the country’s independence. While some of the reasons of this failure are historical and traditional cultural background, many are in fact attributable to the poor management system and legal system concerning industrial relations in the country. Usually trade unions are organized mostly on the basis of political, regional and even personal loyalties which was encouraged by the capitalists who often had restored to the policy of buying a fraction of the union or putting up one of their own to divide the union movement by extending some â€Å"under the table favors† to a group of union leaders. In addition, the system of HRM in South Asia is largely due to its own business heritage and traditional historical realities. In fact, historic forces shape HRM practices in that society, and largely influence the efficient HRM system of a society along with other things. Thus to make a correct assessment about human resource management system and practices in South Asia, it is necessary to make a through investigation into the development of Muslim and Hindu employer and employees and entrepreneurship in various phases of history and culture. The above situation as it stands suggests that, as a class of each group does not belong to a highly motivated and committed entrepreneurial class. The easiest explanation rationalizing this situation is, as often quoted, British colonial rule of two centuries in the past are responsible for this. Apparently, the explanation seems to be sensible and logical. However, this needs further explanation and demands clarification and comprehension. It is understandable that the colonial powers ( British rule) did not in their own interest encourage the growth of a significant industrial and efficient HRM practices base in this part of the subcontinent ( India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) and the deadlocks were created by them towards the development of effective HRM system in the area. The overall supply of competent management personnel, their profiles, and culture to which they belong and under which they work, also has significant impacts on the features and practices of HRM system in South Asia national culture. In general, to learn the expertise of building an effective HRM practices is very important for the attainment of an industrial efficiency, but most South Asian managers are traditionalistic. They tend to resist changes and develop participation within boss and subordinates. South Asia managers do not believe in the development of human resources, and they believe that machines are more important than humans. Several empirical studies (Read, 1962; Negahndi and Reiman, 1973) conclude that increased participation leads to improvement in several of organizational effectiveness. However, it should be noted that the closeness of relationship between participation and overall organizational effectives depends on the quality of its human resources. As suggested above, when a large complex organization is more participative minded and more decentralized most of the decisions are made at unit level. In this kind of organization, managerial employees need more technical management skill and knowledge. Top management in large organizations has neither the time nor expertise to make such decisions for unit level (Price, 1968). Properly trained managers and employees of participative organizations can overcome communication problems, make effective decisions at the point of action, and thus contribute to the achievement of more firm effectiveness. Business Culture of Latin America First, the high Power Distance (PD) that Hofstede noted in most Latin American countries has important ramifications. In practical terms, high PD means that social courtesies and formality are more important in Latin America than in the U. S. Latin American managers are expected to be more gracious and respectful than their U. S. counterparts, and the hierarchy is more noticeable For instance, while U. S. managers generally call employees by their first names, it is much more common in Latin America for managers to call employees senorita Martinez or senor Ramirez. Also, people in the Latin American workplace tend to use usted (Ud. , the formal â€Å"you,† rather than tu, the informal, â€Å"you,† when addressing others, and this applies to both supervisors and lower-level employees. When two members of the executive board converse privately, they may call each other â€Å"Jorge† and â€Å"Ana,† but in front of employees they are likely to switch to calling each other â€Å"senor Zapata† and â€Å"senora Gomez. † Finally, Latin American managers typically dress more formally than their U. S. counterparts, and are less likely to work beside their employees and â€Å"get their hands dirty. In addition to courtesy and formality, it is important to note how a high PD rating affects the way meetings are organized. One Mexican manager commented that meetings in Latin America are typically not thought of as a way for supervisors and employees to exchange ideas. Instead, information flows primarily from the top down in meetings. In other words, it would generally be considered inappropriate and disrespectful in Latin America for an employee to correct a supervisor or make a suggestion in front of other employees. At meetings, supervisors expect subordinates to listen attentively, more than offering input. Similarly, participatory management styles and employee empowerment are unfamiliar to most Latin Americans, and in many cases are perceived as neither helpful nor desirable. In some instances, global companies have successfully implemented these kinds of managerial techniques in Latin American subsidiaries, but in other cases attempts to solicit employee input and involve workers in decision-making have been met with hostility. One American manager of a factory in Guadalajara, Mexico was told point blank by the head of a local labor union to stop involving employees in decision-making and asking for their opinions. He told her pointedly, â€Å"You are in charge. You make the decisions! † The deference afforded to managers often has an impact on attitudes toward formal rules and regulations in Latin America. Persons in authority are more likely to be obeyed than a written policy, because of the respect they are given and the position they occupy. This attitude contrasts with the U. S. where most people tend to believe that rules should be applied impartially and without exception, in order to ensure fairness and justice. It is likely to observe all these results of high PD when you visit Latin America, but as one prepare to go to Nicaragua, keep in mind a principle presented earlier: variance within a culture. While Hofstede does not provide Cultural Dimension ratings for Nicaragua, the numbers for Ni caragua’s neighbors are fascinating: Panama and Guatemala both score 95 on PD, and are among the most hierarchical societies in the world, but Costa Rica scores only 35, which is a lower PD rating than even the U. S. earned. For that reason, it is important to be sensitive to how hierarchies play out in Nicaragua specifically. In addition to PD, it is important to mention the low Individuality (IND) rating that predominates in Latin America. In the workplace, low IND means employees tend to value harmony and good relationships more than personal advancement, and are expected to be loyal, hard-working, and willing to do whatever they are asked to do. In return for their hard work and loyalty, Latin American workers generally expect their employers to be loyal to them as well. Because of the group orientation, the employer-worker relationship tends to be more paternal in Latin America than in the U. S. Latin American firms typically treat employees as a sort of extended family, which often involves a wider range of benefits, such as subsidized or free lunches, more inclusive medical coverage, and holiday bonuses. It has already been pointed out that most Hispanic countries score very high on Uncertainty Avoidance (UA), which suggests that most Latin Americans prefer security and avoiding risk. This may help explain why technology is not as prevalent in Latin America as in the U. S. To be sure, poverty is part of the picture, but Latin Americans tend to be less enamored of technology for technology’s sake than many Americans. Due in part to the high UA rating, many Latin Americans perceive less of a need to upgrade, modernize, and replace old technology with cutting edge products. This may affect a given entrepreneur’s attitudes toward technological upgrades, adopting new computing systems, etc. One notable exception to this principle is the use of cell phones- due to infrastructure and bureaucratic issues associated with land lines, there are more cell phones in most Latin American countries than land lines. Lastly, the importance of family and personal relationships also impacts the workplace. For example, it is more common in Latin America to seek employment with family members, hire family members, and look to the family for help in times of need. In addition, many Latin Americans feel more comfortable doing business with people they know personally, and developing that relationship is often considered an essential first step. Americans who try to move things along more quickly and â€Å"get to the point† may become frustrated and/or offend Latin Americans. South Asian HRM Practices Recruitment and Selection

Legal Citation †Citing Cases with The Bluebook

Legal Citation – Citing Cases with The Bluebook Legal Citation – Citing Cases with The Bluebook The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation has long been used as a legal citation style guide in the US. Other systems have been introduced in recent years, but if you’re a law student you’ll almost certainly encounter Bluebook-style citations at some point. In this post, we provide an â€Å"anatomy† of a Bluebook case citation to make sure you can reference legal sources clearly and correctly in your written work. Basic Citation Format The basic citation format for a legal case in Bluebook referencing consists of four principle elements (the parties’ names, the case citation, the court and the year of the ruling): Parties’ Names Case Citation Court Year of Decision DeBoer v. Snyder, 973 F. Supp. 2d 757 (E.D. Mich 2014). Citations will appear in the main body of your text or in a footnote immediately following the relevant passage (accompanied by a signal where appropriate). In the rest of this post, we’ll look more closely at each of the above elements. Parties’ Names The parties’ names are the title of the case, so should be italicized and separated from the rest of the citation with a comma. The case name should also be shortened using approved abbreviations. Case Citation The case citation usually incorporates the volume number of the report where the case was published, the abbreviated reporter identification and the first page of the case. In DeBoer v. Snyder, the case citation can be broken down as follows: Volume Number Reporter Page Number 973 F. Supp. 2d 757 This indicates that the case is reported in volume 973 of the Federal Supplement, Second Series, starting on page 757. Alternatively, if available, a medium-neutral citation can be given. Court Year The ruling court and year of decision should be included in parentheses after the case citation. The name of the court is abbreviated here (e.g., â€Å"Eastern District Michigan† becomes just â€Å"E.D. Mich†). If you’re using a medium-neutral citation or another form of case citation that already mentions the ruling court and/or year of decision, it isn’t necessary to duplicate it here. Parentheticals Further to the above, Bluebook referencing allows for inclusion of a second set of parentheticals after the court/year to provide additional information. Usually, this will be either substantive information or detail regarding the weight of the authority: 1. Substantive Information Information provided to clarify the relevance of a citation, either via a direct quotation of the passage in question or a brief explanation. Explanatory phrases should begin with an â€Å"-ing† verb. 2. Weight of Authority This concerns the precedential value of the cited case, including factors such as the relevance of the authority (e.g., whether the ruling was en banc, per curiam, etc.) or other cases cited to support the decision.

How to Use a Wood Material in Computer Hard Disk Drives Essay

How to Use a Wood Material in Computer Hard Disk Drives - Essay Example Therefore, coming up with new and easily available materials for the manufacture of hard disks would lower the cost of their installation. This report aims at coming up with a hard disk made up of wood materials. The report will commence by outlining the main parts of the device, as well as their main functions. Further, the choice of materials for each part of the appliance will be discussed. This will be tackled in two broad areas of the usage of wood currently where the same can be utilised to come up with efficient and effective hard disks. The report will conclude with a highlight of the importance of the use of wood in the manufacture of hard disks and the recommendation for the same. Breakdown of the Main Parts of the Hard Disk and the Main Function of Each The hard disk is made up of various components for data storage. Every computer possesses a hard drive; a majority of computer users are not much familiar with the hard disk and its composition. It is the brain of the compu ter and contains the following parts: (a) Heads or the Head Stack Assembly This part of the hard disk is very crucial in the sense that it magnetically reads and writes data to the platters that are in an incredible high-speed motion. This is done in extremely precise positions to achieve its function (Rubtsov, 2009). The heads can be termed as the eyes of the drive and float slightly higher from the platters approximately one micron. It is a sensitive, precise instrument and is generally the most frequent cause of hard drive malfunction (Braun 2009). (b) Spindle The spindle is highly crucial in rotating the platters at a certain speed that is measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). According to The Computer Technology Documentation Project, modern spindles have been modified to move at speeds as high as 4800 and 7200 rotations per minute. This is expected to be higher in the future with innovations to enhance the seek speed: this is the amount of time it takes the hard disk to se arch for a certain area of data. With growing file sizes and the speed of transfer, like a crucial part of computing, the platter must spin extremely fast (Rubtsov, 2009). (c) Platters Platters are found at the centre of the hard disk to hold all data on the hard disk. A hard disk may have one or more platters depending on the intended capacity. They are round with holes in the centre similar to a record used on a record player. In cases of a platter having a motor, it holds the platter together and rotates it at a certain speed measured in revolutions per minute (Braun 2009). The result is the creation of air pressure that lifts the read of write heads of the platters. The platters are very effective in holding the hard drive’s information and their sensitivity is very high (Rubtsov, 2009). A number of drives have contained more than one platter while others have only one. In cases of a drive having multiple platters, the spacing between them is consequently very precise, an d in case of misalignment, the data on the drive is mostly lost forever. (d) Electronics The green circuitry found at the bottom of the hard drive is the electronics board. It constitutes of all the electronic resistors, capacitors, and other bits holding the parts in place (Osborne, 2010.). Their function is the provision of connection with the rest of the computer and contains information referred to as firmware that informs the hard drive on how to

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 107

Journal - Essay Example Other interventions included training the teachers and the parents about the importance of the early intervention programs for the development of the children between 0 and five years. The government took up the responsibility of providing scholarships for students with disabilities by sponsoring ten male students to work in the transition service with Beacon College of Florida. Specifically, the development service has five core elements, which are the Foundation of self-discovery, academic exploration, a preview of campus life, the Florida experience, and post program follow up in Saudi Arabia. The main challenge for the program is conducting interviews about the personal experience for the families who have children with autism. I learn from this presentation that the government of Saudi Arabia has taken an active initiative in establishing programs focus on the disabled’s needs. Mental and physical disability is a major challenge for the families and the patients as they have trouble in their lives. However, interventional programs are paramount in empowering the families and victims, as they are a means of liberation. The success of the program demonstrates that infirmity is not inability because when given a chance, even the disabled can use their skills and talent to change the

What Is Meant by a Whats More B Essay Example for Free

What Is Meant by a Whats More B Essay When the phrase â€Å"A, What’s More B, comes to mind one may quickly think of the word parallelism.† Parallelism is the joining together of related ideas to form a complete thought† (Fields, 2008). Additionally, parallelism relates to the written communication between the phrases of poetic lines which are found in certain books of the Bible. Many examples of parallelism are found in the books of Proverbs and Psalms. When one completes a parallelism it is then referred to as a line. Each of these lines must include at least two or more poetic phrases and or colons. â€Å"Lines in this case are referred to as bi-colon and tri-colon, the first colon is referred to as â€Å"A† and the next line is referred to as â€Å"B,† generally, the second phrase carries the first thought forward in a more detailed way. Today’s understood pattern of interpretation is A, what’s more B† (Longman, 2010).According to Fields, (2008), â€Å"The number of lines in a thought unit is determined by the lexical (meaning) content of the lines.† Referring back to the question at hand which is; â€Å"What is meant by the phrase â€Å"A† What’s More â€Å"B†? This phrase is simply a pattern used to interpret. One may quickly reference this fact by reading some of the poetry that is written in Hebrew Bibles. A few examples of the usage of this biblical poetry patterns are listed below. My first example comes from the book of Psal ms. â€Å"Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path† (Psalms 119:105). This verse can easily be written in parallel form such as; your word is; 1.A lamp to my feet 2.A light for my path In this example notice that the word lamp and light are paralleled as are the words my feet and my path are. My next example comes from the book of Proverbs, â€Å"My son, do not forget my teaching, but keep my commands in your heart† (Proverbs 3:1). This verse may be written in parallel form as follows; 1. My son, do not forget my teaching 2. But keep my commands in your heart In this verse we see that the words my teachings are paralleled to the words my commands. â€Å"Poetry is the type of literature which uses concentration literary devices to embellish the author’s message in a way that is memorable† (Fields, 2008). In conclusion, the author of this paper has explained to the best of her knowledge what is meant by the phrase, â€Å"What is Meant by â€Å"A† What’s More â€Å"B,† as well as has given a few examples of verses from the Bible broken down into parallelism as they refer to the connection of the different poetic lines. References Benner, J. (1999) â€Å"An Introduction to Ancient Hebrew† Retrieved on September 12, 2013 from: http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/1_introduction.html Fields, M. (2008) â€Å"Hebrews for the Rest of Us† Grand Rapids Mi. Zondervan Longman, T (2010), â€Å"How to Read Psalms† Retrieved on September 12, 2013 from; http://www.scribd.com/doc/27582639/Tremper-Longman-How-to-Read-the-Psalms

Robert E. Lee :: essays research papers

Condi Rice: the Warrior Princess Condi Rice is the top leading female African-American politician to hold a high-ranking and influential position in the United States government today. From her lengthy and experienced background, Rice has established herself among the elite in Washington, D.C. Her commitment to the foreign policy of this great nation has proven very strong over the many years that she has worked for the government. With the confidence of President Bush behind her, Rice has and will continue to lead the front for peaceful relations with different nations to spread democracy and human rights. In 1954, Rice was born in Birmingham, Alabama the year before the civil rights movement would take place. Going up in a brutally racist environment, little Condi, who enjoyed reading books and playing the piano, didn’t let the violence affect her. Even though the pain and suffering that surrounded her was immense, she did not let it prevent her from making her dreams come true. For Condi Rice, her best area in government is dealing with foreign relations. A perfect example of Condi Rice’s keen intellect of foreign policy would be her knowledge of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. When the Soviet Union collapsed, human rights in that region were to be changed forever. People gained the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to vote. Rice firmly believes â€Å"nothing improved human rights as much as the collapse of Soviet power.† With the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States had now become the world’s only superpower. We benefited greatly in this peaceful victory. â€Å"American values are universal. Their triumph is most assuredly easier when the international balance of power favors those who believe in them. But sometimes that favorable balance of power takes time to achieve, both internationally and within a country,† said best by Rice. She is referring to strong countries that do n ot need to isolate themselves such as the Soviet Union did during the Cold War. Other powerful states need to join the peaceful global community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After her successful term in office as the National Security Advisor for the first Bush administration, Rice was nominated to become the Secretary of State for the second Bush administration. During the ceremony when she was sworn in, â€Å"the new secretary spoke of the need to work in partnership with allies and others around the world ‘putting the tools of diplomacy to work to unite, strengthen and widen the community of democracies.

Last two hundred years Essay

The 19th and 20th centuries are very rich about inventions that changed our lives. The automobile is one of those inventions changed people’s lives. Short after its invention automobile became a necessity in daily life more than being luxury or a symbol of nobility. Today the numbers of cars are close to half of earth’s population. Almost every family in developed countries owns a car. The automobile has had the greatest effects on our lives in last two hundred years because it is a necessity, it has an important effect on the world economy and it affects our lives directly. There are some reasons why automobiles become a necessity in today’s life which of those reasons are being the cheapest, fastest and easiest way to travel when compared against other inventions like planes, ships or trains. Before the invention of automobiles humanity used to travel with domestic animals, which cause more expanses than, cars do in today’s conditions. A traveler has to pay great amounts of money to travel from one town to another to the animals’ owner also if someone owns his own animal it will probably costs much more because he has to feed and look after that animal. Even today when compared against planes, ships or trains; the automobile is still the cheapest way to travel. The automobile is also the fastest way to travel when compared to old traveling methods. For example horse back riding from France to Germany will take months while driving the same distance with a car will take a day or less. The last important thing that made automobile a necessity is it’s being the easiest way of traveling and transportation. Traveling with automobiles gives people freedom of going wherever they want; only thing they have to do is to have wish of going and the money to afford an automobile’s expanses. The automobile gives a freedom of traveling which other traveling methods do not offer. Trains are limited with the rails whereas planes are also limited with aerostations but cars can reach everywhere roads reach and even far. Today automobile is a necessity like sleeping or eating. The busses people go their work with, the lorries that people transport their goods, the ambulances that saves people’s lives and lots uncountable more examples there are which shows us how necessary automobiles are. As a result a necessity is something that affects people’s lives deeply. Without cars it will be impossible to the things we do in daily life like traveling, transporti ng and reaching. Another important point that makes the automobile effect on people’s life is its effect on world economy with the automobile industry and its subsidiary industries like car accessories. Today almost every developed country’s economy is based on the automobile industry while developing countries depend on the automobile industry also. A large rate of world trade is about automobiles. For instance there are big car companies in both Europe and USA that has big factories in which millions of people work. This causes a great income for the world economy and keeps it running. Because economies depend on and based on the automobile, people’s lives are depended on automobile and this is why this invention affects human’s lives too much. Peoples are depended on the automobile economically because lots of people’s job involves cars, lorries, trucks or buses and also lot of people’s job is to produce vehicle. For those reasons the automobile affects peoples lives too much as an economic support, it is what people earn their lives from. The last and the most important reason why the automobile affect people’s lives are because it affects their lives with its side effects like; pollution, accidents, transportation and automobile based lifestyles. All kinds of automobiles are based on the same principle, which is the creation of energy by using petrol and its side products. As a result automobiles produce harmful gases and release them through the air people breathe. Automobiles pollute the air and are a danger for all living creatures with the air pollution it causes. In addition to air pollution automobile also causes sound pollution with the sound of horns and motors, which depress people and create negative social effects on them. Because automobile is the fastest way to achieve somewhere, the wrong use of it causes accidents resulting with injuries or even deaths. As a result deaths and injuries cause incorrigible social effects like depression and suicide because it affects people negatively. With the automobile, transportation becomes easier and more common. That created an enormous effect on trade, which also means an enormous effect on people’s lives because it affects economy with this way, which means an affect on the way people, earns their lives. The last direct effect the automobile created on people’s lives is that some lives are based on the automobile passion. For example car and motor racers,  Harley Davidson cycles collectors, Chevrolet fans and lots more. Because of those reasons the automobile is a piece of people’s lives that affects them directly with a lot of reasons. In conclusion the automobile has had the greatest effect on people’s lives because it become a piece of their life with its usage and effects. It is the invention that gave man freedom of traveling wherever he wants, it changed his life and it is a necessity of life for him. In today’s world cars save people’s time, power and even lives. The automobiles allow people to reach places quickly, lorries, trucks carry their goods and finally ambulances save lives. All those create enormous effects on people’s lives.

Comment and Compare the Boscastle and Pakistan Floods Essay

During the 2010 monsoon season (July and August), Pakistan experienced the worst floods recorded in its history. Heavy rainfall caused flash floods in the north and north-western regions of the country. The subsequent run-off created a southward moving mass of water approximately the size of the United Kingdom. The flood waters travelled downstream through Punjab and Sindh until they reached the Arabian Sea. Many of the main tributaries feeding into the Indus River were also flooded, further inundating agricultural lands. In total, some 20 million people were displaced and 50,000 square km were submerged, while standing crops, infrastructure and land were damaged extensively. The extent of the destruction caused by the 2010 floods is hard to comprehend. The floods impacted seventy-eight districts, resulting in the deaths of over 1900 people with at least another 2900 injured. In the areas receiving flood-waters 70% of the roads and bridges were swept away. More than 10,000 schools and 500 hospitals were destroyed or damaged, as were about 1.6 million homes. In a relatively short period of time, millions of Pakistanis who were already having a difficult time making a living before the floods found themselves homeless and unsure of how to survive. The losses were largest for crops with direct damage to 2.1 million hectares of standing Kharif crops (crops that are sown in the rainy season) – mainly cotton, rice, sugarcane and vegetables; one million tonnes of food and seed stocks were lost along with a large number of on-farm water channels and wells. Livestock were decimated during the flash floods in the hilly areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, while grazing animals and poultry were also lost in the plains area. In all, approximately 200,000 livestock (including cows, sheep, buffalo, goats and donkeys) were initially confirmed dead, with the total rising somewhat over time. Of immediate concern was the increased risk of outbreaks of contagious diseases due to unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and personal hygiene, food insecurity,lack of shelter, overcrowding and decreased access to health care. In late August 2010, over 450,000 cases of dysentery and other diseases were reported, and some 3.5 million children were considered at risk of contracting water-borne diseases including diarrhoea and cholera. Three rivers – the Valency, Jordan and Paradise – converge on the small, tourist village of Boscastle on the Cornish coast. The majority of the damage caused by the flash flood on 16th August 2004, 52 years after the catastrophe that was the Lynmouth flood, was attributable to the Valency. In total, an input of 3 million tonnes of water was added to a tiny drainage basin, whose size was just 40 square kilometres. Attention must be paid not just to the total volume of rain but also the intensity with which it fell. 185mm arrived in just five hours, the majority falling in the first two hours. Under such conditions, infiltration was virtually impossible, with the rate of precipitation greatly exceeding the infiltration capacity of any soil type. The soils were already saturated from previous rainfall earlier in the week, encouraging surface run-off to begin even sooner. The three river valleys are very steep and narrow; a broader floodplain would have helped to soak up ex cess water and to reduce energy more effectively through an increased hydraulic radius. The settlement of Boscastle was allowed to develop on a narrow flood plain on the west coast of England, where rainfall is often high. The rainfall of August 2004 hit at the worst time of year, when the settlement population doubled to 2,000 as tourists arrived. Much higher levels of motor vehicle damage were also experienced as a result of this temporary population increase. In addition, shops were carrying greater levels of stock than at other times of the year. Although new flood defences were set to be built in October of that year, work had not yet started. Overall, excellent emergency services and Environment Agency response meant no lives were lost. However, due to the constantly changing nature of the tourist population, it took a long time to clearly establish that there had been no fatalities. Most shops stayed shut for the rest of the season and the bad publicity reduced tourist numbers during the following years, resulting in a negative multiplier effect for the entire lo cal community. In addition, the effect spread beyond Boscastle – other settlements along the river were perceived to be at risk by tourists. Boscastle businesses could claim compensation from their insurance companies (claims for ‘disruption to trading’ in Boscastle amounted to  £15m). However, others businesses elsewhere in Cornwall could not, even though they too may have suffered reduced trade in the following years. This became a cause for concern, with tourism accounting for 30% of Cornwall’s GDP and tourists spending up to  £1 billion throughout the county. Shared amenities such as Boscastle village green were now covered with silt and up-ended cars. There were serious costs for a small community with a seasonal employment problem, due to its over-reliance on summer tourism. There was also irreplaceable loss of historical artefacts; The ‘Witch Museum’ – which was fifty years old and received 50,000 visitors a year – saw some of its unique contents damaged. Infrastructure disruption was another major problem; both bridges in Boscastle were destroyed and sections of r oad swept away. Telephone, water, electricity and gas supplies were all immediately interrupted. People found the value of their homes permanently reduced, now that Boscastle was associated with a serious flood risk. It has been suggested that values were halved. In some instances it took six months before properties were sufficiently repaired for homeowners to permanently return. This was one of the worst problems that flood victims faced: they could not physically return to their homes even when the floodwaters receded. In some cases, the historic character of the houses in Boscastle caused extra problems. Six properties were destroyed outright; most others required between  £15,000 and  £30,000 for repairs. Insurance companies reimbursed most people however some home and car owners did not receive compensation because (a) they lacked appropriate insurance cover or (b) they found that they were not entitled to payment because insurers regarded this unusual event as an ‘Act of God’. It is difficult to compare these two floods, which both caused significant damage, but the scale to which this happened varied tremendously; one occurred in a small, sleepy Cornish village while the other tormented a whole country. The numbers involved also differed; there were thankfully no deaths in the Boscastle flood (one resident suffered a heart attack but that was the extent of the casualties), whereas there were over 1500 people killed in Pakistan with millions more left homeless and in danger of starvation and waterborne diseases. The cost of the clean up for a small village like Boscastle was great enough; that for the already heavily indebted, poverty-stricken Pakistan was impossibly high. The greatest similarity is the physical geography of the land which didn’t allow for adequate drainage of the affected areas. Pakistan is essentially split down the middle with the western side of the country all at least 300m above sea level whereas the eastern half is low lying farmland/floodplains. This meant that the excess surface runoff caused by the high levels of rainfall simply followed the gradient of the land and flooded the lower lying east. Boscastle is in an even worse position as it is sitting at the bottom of a valley so the water came from both sides, converging at the village where the already swollen rivers simultaneously burst their banks. Another similarity was the high levels of rainfall immediately preceeding the floods which meant that the subsequent rainfall was unable to infiltrate the already saturated ground.

Spanish Place Names in the U.S.

Spanish Place Names in the U.S. Much of the United States was once part of Mexico, and Spanish explorers were among the first non-indigenous people to explore much of what is now the U.S. So wed expect that an abundance of places would have names coming from Spanish - and indeed thats the case. There are too many Spanish place names to list here, but here are some of the most well-known: U.S. State Names from Spanish California - The original California was a fictional place in the 16th-century book Las sergas de Esplandin by Garci Rodrà ­guez Ordà ³Ãƒ ±ez de Montalvo. Colorado - This is the past participle of colorar, which means to give something color, such as by dyeing. The participle, however, specifically refers to red, such as red earth. Florida - Probably a shortened form of pascua florida, literally meaning flowered holy day, referring to Easter. Montana - The name is an anglicized version of montaà ±a, the word for mountain. The word probably comes from the days when mining was a leading industry in the region, as the states motto is Oro y plata, meaning Gold and silver. Its too bad the à ± of the spelling wasnt retained; it would have been cool to have a state name with a letter not in the English  alphabet. New Mexico  - The Spanish  Mà ©xico  or  Mà ©jico  came from the name of an Aztec god. Texas - The Spanish borrowed this word, spelled Tejas in Spanish, from indigenous residents of the area. It relates to the idea of friendship. Tejas, although not used that way here, also can refer to roof tiles. Key Takeaways: Spanish Language Place Names Spanish-language place names abound in the United States in part because its history includes Spanish colonization and exploration.Many of the Spanish place names in the U.S. have been anglicized, such as by changing à ± to n and by dropping the accent marks from accented vowels.Many of the Spanish names are derived from the names of Roman Catholic saints and beliefs. Other U.S. Place Names From Spanish Alcatraz (California) - From alcatraces, meaning gannets (birds similar to pelicans). Arroyo Grande (California) - An arroyo is a stream. Boca Raton (Florida) - The literal meaning of boca ratà ³n is mouses mouth, a term applied to a sea inlet. Cape Canaveral (Florida) - From caà ±averal, a place where canes grow. Conejos River (Colorado) - Conejos means rabbits. District of Columbia; Columbia River (Oregon and Washington) - These and many other place names honor Christopher Columbus (Cristobal Colà ³n in Spanish), the Italian-Spanish explorer. El Paso (Texas) - A mountain pass is a paso; the city is on a historically major route through the Rocky Mountains. Fresno (California) - Spanish for ash tree. Galveston (Texas) - Named after Bernardo de Glvez, a Spanish general. Grand Canyon (and other canyons) - The English canyon comes from the Spanish caà ±Ãƒ ³n. The Spanish word can also mean cannon, pipe or tube, but only its geological meaning became part of English. Key West (Florida) - This may not look like a Spanish name, but it is in fact an anglicized version of the original Spanish name, Cayo Hueso, meaning Bone Key. A key or cayo is a reef or low island; that word originally came from Taino, an indigenous Caribbean language. Spanish speakers and maps still refer to the city and key as Cayo Hueso. Las Cruces (New Mexico) - Meaning the crosses, named for a burial site. Las Vegas - Means the meadows. Los Angeles - Spanish for the angels. Los Gatos (California) - Meaning the cats, for the cats that once roamed in the region. Madre de Dios Island (Alaska) - The Spanish means mother of God. The island, which is in Trocadero (meaning trader) Bay, was named by Galician explorer Francisco Antonio Mourelle de la Rà ºa. Merced (California) - The Spanish word for mercy. Mesa (Arizona) - Mesa, Spanish for table, came to be applied to a type of flat-topped geological formation. Nevada - A past participle meaning covered with snow, from nevar, meaning to snow. The word is also used for the name of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. A sierra is a saw, and the name came to be applied to a jagged range of mountains. Nogales (Arizona) - It means walnut trees. Rio Grande (Texas) - Rà ­o grande means large river. Sacramento - Spanish for sacrament, a type of ceremony practised in Catholic (and many other Christian) churches. Sangre de Cristo Mountains - The Spanish means blood of Christ; the name is said to come from blood-red glow of the setting sun. San _____ and Santa _____ (California and elsewhere) - Almost all the city names beginning with San or Santa - among them San Francisco, Santa Barbara, San Antonio, San Luis Obispo, San Jose, Santa Fe and Santa Cruz - come from Spanish. Both words are shortened forms of  santo,  the word for saint or holy. Sonoran Desert (California and Arizona) - Sonora is possibly a corruption of seà ±ora, referring to a woman. Strait of Juan de Fuca (Washington state) - Named after the Spanish version of Greek explorer Ioannis Phokass name. Phokas was part of a Spanish expedition. Toledo (Ohio) - Possibly named after the city in Spain.

How to Treat Postpositive Adjectives

How to Treat Postpositive Adjectives How to Treat Postpositive Adjectives How to Treat Postpositive Adjectives By Mark Nichol Nearly a thousand years ago, the Norman Conquest had a profound effect not only on the English nation but also on the English language. One of the manifestations of this event is the survival of the postpositive adjective. In many languages, including French, a modifying word follows the word it modifies, such as in the phrase ressource naturelle (â€Å"natural resources†). Because of Norman French’s influence on law, politics, and other matters sovereign, we still sometimes use this form in the mongrel melange that is the English language. Thus â€Å"attorney general† (as well as â€Å"secretary general† and â€Å"postmaster general†), which refers not to a military rank but to the office holder’s generic scope of responsibility. Thus court-martial, which literally pertains to a court of a martial, or warlike, nature but practically applies to a military court in wartime or peacetime. Thus â€Å"heir apparent† and knight-errant, artifacts of feudal system. (Note that compound form is inconsistent: Open compounds prevail, but some hyphenated forms persist. When in doubt, look the term up. If certain, look the term up anyway.) This form reaches even into the quotidian vocabulary of business, with â€Å"accounts payable† and â€Å"accounts receivable,† as well as â€Å"notary public,† and in terms that apply to government but have entered general use, such as â€Å"body politic.† There’s even a pair of ordinary words that sometimes take postpositive adjectives in some contexts; I used one earlier in this post, in the phrase â€Å"matters sovereign.† Another is things, as in â€Å"things unsaid.† And how are such terms pluralized? Generally as shown in the first two examples in the paragraph above the noun, not the adjective, logically takes the plural form: for example, â€Å"attorneys general† (but attorney-generals in British English), courts-martial, and â€Å"notaries public.† The same is true of mother-in-law and like terms, the plural form of which is rendered mothers-in-law, and similar constructions such as â€Å"editor in chief† (sometimes hyphenated, though that style is outmoded), right-of-way, and sergeant-at-arms (pluralized as â€Å"editors in chief,† rights-of-way, and sergeants-at-arms, respectively). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Does "Mr" Take a Period?Writing Styles (with Examples)

The 5 most important ideas of politics and US government Essay

The 5 most important ideas of politics and US government - Essay Example An individual has the innate tendency to resist all that obstruct one’s liberty. The connotation of liberty is so vast that it defies definition. Each one sees a new horizon of liberty. For the American people the concept of liberty is supreme as it stands to protect the essential dignity of an individual. Dr. Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel Prize winning poet, describes the concept of liberty in his beautiful poem â€Å"Where the Mind is Without Fear.† He writes, â€Å" Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high, where knowledge is free, where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls, where words come out from the depth of truth, where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection, where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way, into the dreary desert sand of dead habit, where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action, into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake. † (Tagore, n. p.) This is fantastic explanation about the concept of liberty. In the context of American history, the concept of liberty has undergone many changes as per the demands of time. Each advocate of liberty takes a different line of argument as to its potency and desires to outsmart the previous definitions. Ernest Hemingway in his Autobiography writes â€Å"[†¦.] the loss of liberty anywhere in the world is a threat to liberty everywhere† (Hemingway†¦).... They are born in poverty. Live in poverty and just walk up to the grave in poverty. The African-Americans(slaves) survived only because they had a chance to work(just one aspect of liberty) though on a meager or no salary. Schumacher, E.F in his book â€Å"Small is Beautiful† writesâ€Å"[†¦]the chances to work is the greatest of all needs, and even poorly paid and relatively unproductive work is better than idleness†( 161).This was the position when the practice of slavery was legal in America. After the abolition of slavery, when African-Americans took to education, they began to comprehend the meaning of liberty. Prior to that, in the land of tyranny how could the African American think of equality? Isaiah Berlin in his book â€Å"Liberty: Incorporating Four Essays on Liberty† writes â€Å"It is interesting, but perhaps irrelevant, historical question at what date, and in what circumstances, the notion of individual liberty in this sense first became exp licit in the West†(p.32, 33).Liberty does not mean people should do what they want to do, but they should do what they are expected to do. Liberty is an individual prerogative subject to the liberty (rights) of others. It is a carefully balanced walk and not a carefree race. It is to act with caution, always minding the fact that rights go with duties and responsibilities. Limited Governance The source of the power for the government is the willingness of the people to make and unmake it. The people cannot dethrone the government in power at will, and yet the people of America are supreme and the government itself is limited to the power given to it by them. The Government of

International Negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Negotiation - Essay Example The most successful battle for the Americans during this war happened in New Orleans - months after the Treaty of Ghent, signed in Belgium, had brought the war to a close. There was no satellite phone, no telegram that could travel from Belgium to New Orleans in time to head off the bloody battle. Another factor that kept diplomatic efforts to broker peace agreements at a minimum was the fact that technological constraints kept wars from spreading to engulf entire halves of the globe - or the whole word itself. Cannons, muskets and swords could not cause noxious clouds of gas to pass over entire civilian populations, and neighboring countries or cultures would only sparingly jump in to assist their neighbors. The Industrial Age, starting in Europe in the 1800's, and the development of significantly entangling networks of treaties of protection, wherein major powers promised to support one another in the event of attack, made the prospect of continent-wide, or even worldwide conflict, more of a possibility after the middle of the nineteenth century. When American President Theodore Roosevelt brokered a peace agreement that settled the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, he was honored the next year with the Nobel Peace Prize (Bailey and Kennedy, p. 628). The very fact that such a priz e existed showed the changing sensibilities of the world, namely that war anywhere in the world was a danger to the rest of the world. In the years In the years since Theodore Roosevelt, the world has undergone two wars that basically dragged in every major world power. The first of these conflicts introduced the world to biological warfare, in the form of the deadly mustard gas that would later be outlawed. The second of these finally ended with another military innovation: the nuclear bomb. It has been argued that a bomb of this nature is the only weapon that would have kept the Japanese population from fighting, civilian by civilian, exacting huge casualties from the Allied troops before surrendering. Even so, the arrival of the nuclear bomb signaled the end of the widespread war, because the final weapon was so awful in its power that it served as a deterrent. And so organizations like the United Nations sprang up in the second half of the twentieth century, with the goal of keeping regional conflicts from becoming continental, or even global ones. There have been situations where international, third-party at tempts at solving conflicts were successful, but there have been many more that only bogged the problem down and made it last longer. One of the most problematic regional conflicts of the twentieth century was the struggle over apartheid in South Africa. While the British had created the colonial Union of South Africa in 1910, the policy known as apartheid was not implemented until 1948. In the intervening years, the African natives had faced restrictions that were common to all indigenous peoples under colonial rule. When the Afrikaner leader D.F. Malan took power in 1948, his government passed some laws that mandated that blacks live in certain areas, have identification on them at all times, and denied several basic civil rights to blacks (Sanctions against South Africa). This change in law escaped international attention, in part because of the vast distance between South

Workplace Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workplace Communication - Essay Example They have communicated their reservation about the O-ring’s potential for failure but as the disaster would tell, they were not able to send their message across effectively. The launch still commenced leading to the explosion of the Shuttle just seconds after the launch. It became clear that the Challenger Disaster was a communication issue as reported by the findings of Roger Commission, the body that was formed by President Ronald Reagan to investigate the explosion. The result of the investigation showed that the people in the telephone conference from Marshal Space Flight Center had different understanding of the message that the engineers were trying to convey which is why the Shuttle was still launched despite of the engineer’s reservation. The Columbia Shuttle flight 107 disaster may have a different circumstance from the Shuttle Challenger but it still ended up in disaster just like its predecessor. The common culprit is again miscommunication. Again, the engineers had expressed their reservation about the foam prior to the Columbia launch. But they were not able to communicate its message to the proper authorities effectively so the launch was still commenced ending in the same tragedy. Both the tragic stories of Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia taught me the importance of not only communicating my message clearly and completely, but I should also consider if my messages are reaching the intended audience at a right time and opportunity. This story may be funny but sometimes working with senior citizens in the office can have humorous implications. I took a summer job before and this is where my experience happened. Our boss can already be considered as a senior citizen but he is still brisk at work. One time, I was asked to write a report for a monthly meeting which I happily obliged. I gathered all my data at the office and told my boss that I will have it done by the weekend and will send

SABmiller Strategy Case Study

SABmiller Strategy Case Study 3.1 Strategic position SABMillers one strategy is continuing to acquire other companies around the world and continuing to expand, especially in developing countries. As we all know, SABMiller and Molson Core, the two sides decided to merge operations in the United States and Puerto Rico. The two sides announced that it would form a joint venture. Johnson, Scholes Whittington (2008) defines corporate strategy as sum of companies objectives and goals and its plans for pursuing those purposes. According to Andrews (1980) corporate strategy can define the company policies, its range of businesses, and its human and economic organization and its contributions to stakeholder. From there definitions it is clear that one should analysis SABMiller business environment, core competencies capabilities and stakeholder expectation to identify SABMiller strategic position. SABMiller in current strategic position has provided us with a clear picture of the opportunities and challenges that the S ABMiller operating domestic, worldwide and its growth come though entering developing market, acquiring businesses brands, and growing them it face in the business environment but stakeholder expectation, core competency and market the reality is the strategy not match to business environment which will create a big dilemma for SABMiller. Consolidation exam of that the reducing the risk that associated the more developed market like Africa, Europe and US will ensured as firm in base of possibility of emergent market might reducing the risk on vulnerable region. It would be feasible particularly given SABMillers competence that been responded by obtaining the business success in the risky market. Further more while it is undoubtedly possible to improve the companys position in developed markets improvement need might quite marginal. 3.2 Table 1: Mission, Vision and Strategic Objective Mission Statement: Stability of reputation of the company Leverage the local and global market Increasing the number of demand Job opportunity to the local and global environment Leverage the new branding production. Competitive advantage Strategic Objectives: Assessing Reach and development RD of the brewery Analyzing the demand of the customer Reaching the stability of the economic Considering Non-factor qualitative Differentiation of the new product Visions Statement: Leverage the production and stability of the company reputations of the SABMiller. Number one operational in the market The mission and vision of the SABMiller Company will be leverage is there company will focus in certain area providing of the strategy objectives by reach and develop the production and merger to the other develop market and to be number one to the industry and help the stability of economic to the environment of the global and market place. 3.3 Strategic Options Using the Porters Generic Strategic, Ansoffs Matrix and BCG Matrix to help me evaluate and analyzed the following strategy option 1 product development, option 2 market developments and option 3 joint venture. The fist strategic choice is product development to diversity the production of improvement and growth of the quality product. For option 1 according to generic strategy the product development need to focus and diversify the differentiation product strategy which SABMiller has a unique product and might reach the target scope industry worldwide. Differentiation strategy like creating a new product like wine or liquor and sell it on the low cost of production that can effectively bust on the target scope of SABMiller. For option 1 according to ansoff matrix the product development and diversification will achieve the existing production and entering new market of the new product of the company with diversification. Product development not only in the brewery SABMiller has a lot of potential to diversify other product and continue to develop it but its must be depends to the demand of a customer. Diversification of the new product for a new market potential are more reliable to manipulate by SABMiller. For Option 1 according to BCG Matrix the question marks for SABMiller creating a new product to the new mark et it will be risk to the cost of production if the new product didnt exist to the market pretty hard to consider and evaluate what customer wants and need. The second strategic option is market development which is SABMiller has an opportunity to entering new market in any country that need to develop or re develop a production to increase higher profit and market share in every country. For option 2 according to generic strategy the low cost of leadership will achieve by having the lowest prices of the product in the target market segment, or at least the lowest price to value ratio (price compared to what customers receive). Offering the lowest price while still achieving profitability and a high return on investment, the firm must be able to operate at a lower cost than its rivals of the market. Since the SABMiller operating entire of the country they have some disadvantage of lower customer loyalty, as price-sensitive customers will switch once a lower-priced substitute is available. A reputation of the SABMiller leader may also result in a reputation for low quality, which may make it difficult for a firm to rebrand itself or its products if it chooses to shift to a differentiation strategy in future. For the option 2 according to ansoff matrix is market development strategy must be focus on develop a cost leadership may have the disadvantage of lower customer l oyalty, as price-sensitive customers will switch once a lower-priced substitute is available. A reputation as a cost leader may also result in a reputation for low quality, which may make it difficult for a firm to rebrand itself or its products if it chooses to shift to a differentiation strategy in future. For option 2 according to ansoff matrix the market development is need to focus and come out new product for the new market based on the case study the SABMiller existing product only a beer that they has a multi distribute to other county if they develop the new market they need to introduce new product. For option 2 according to BCG matrix the market development is start because if the market development will continue to develop in every market of the country the SABMiller will foresee to success. The third strategic option is joint venture to associate other developed or developing country to leverage a good stability of the SABMiller market to other county. For option 3 according to generic strategy the joint venture is differentiation not only in the product to the other association of the market every country has a different market joint venture will giving a knowledge for the local market and will giving to SABMiller new idea how to difference the product to distribution country. For option 3 according to ansoff matrix the joint venture creating a new product using there current existing market in worldwide the interrogate of changing market esp. thru technology will affect the connection of the associate people to the joint venture. For option 3 according to BCG matrix the joint venture is cash cow coz its still need to re engineer the product strategy and to re develop more joint venture to the other country but to joint venture to other country will cost higher volume of the money and massive of reaching for the company will join on SABMiller company. 3.4 Recommendation for SABMiller company are product development and differentiate there existing product and the new product considering to the other demand of other country and focus to the technology ever market will interrogated of the technology. Product development still consider the effectives of the new production so far based to the case study new beer products and transference of the beer products and brand between market. They need to be transferring brands across different market and across region for example selling different brand outside of southern African it could carry on doing well and it will expand using channel to introduce brands from across the world new market however this may not provide of the SABMiller company with the sort of growth that is now being expected of it and it may underestimate the value of loyalty across the world. Differentiate to the existing product and new production will help to increase the continue of the market growth of the SABMiller esp. across the region they need to evaluate the region market before they will entered to the new market region population of the region and analysing economic will help to cane out with the uniqueness new product but still need to invest higher capital. Joint venture to the local region will give a larger opportunity to be success but investing to the new region with new joint venture will be a area of critical long term growth, But may require a great deal patience but the SABMiller company must meet the expectation of the stakeholder and the other particularly intuitional investor across the region coz there following the insistence on the need for hard currency growth with the presence of the new countries opportunity for growth. Evaluating and analyzing will help to SABMiller to be secure there company reputation across the region and to the future market region.

Vertigo Essay -- essays papers

Vertigo The Alfred Hitchcock film; Vertigo is a narrative film that is a perfect example of a Hollywood Classical Film. I will be examining the following characteristics of the film Vertigo: 1)individual characters who act as casual agents, the main characters in Vertigo, 2)desire to reach to goals, 3)conflicts, 4)appointments, 5)deadlines, 6)James Stewart’s focus shifts and 7)Kim Novak’s characters drives the action in the film. Most of the film is viewed in the 3rd person, except for the reaction shots (point of view shot) which are seen through the eyes of the main character.(1st person) The film has a strong closure and uses continuity editing(180 degree rule). The stylistic (technical) film form of Vertigo makes the film much more enjoyable. The stylistic film form includes camera movements, editing, sound, mise-en-scene and props. Vertigo is an Alfred Hitchcock film that was made in 1958. It stars James Stewart as Detective John Ferguson and Kim Novak as Madeleine Ellester and Judy Barden. In Vertigo, John Ferguson has a fear of heights that results in the death of his partner. Due to this situation, he leaves the police force and became a Private Investigator. Ferguson is contact by Gavin Ellester an old college buddy. Gavin asks Ferguson to follow his wife who he believes has gone mad. Gavin believes his wife Madeleine is being possessed by her great grandmother Corlata Valdez. He explains why he has come to this conclusion and fills John Ferguson in on all the details of the case. Mr. Ferguson questions the integrity of the story, but still accepts the case. When he starts to spy on Madeleine, he begins to notice changes in her personality and similarities to Corlata Valdez's past. One day when John Ferguson was following Madeleine, he saw her jump into San Francisco Bay. After he rescued her, he brought her back to his house and cared for her. Afterwards he and Madeleine started to spend time together. They began to fall in love and Madeleine became more insane. She started to see images from Corlata's past. Madeleine started to live the life of Corlata Valdez and had visions from her life. One day John and Madeleine went to an old Spanish missionary outside San Francisco, which Madeleine had seen in one of her images. When they arrived at their destination Madeleine began to remember things from Corlata's early life and became hyster... ... the mise-en-scene are the from the beginning of the film. Throughout the film I was aware of the locations. The San Francisco setting was presented to the viewer in the beginning and that made the audience more aware of the film's environment. The monastery and other locations of Corlata's past gave me a better understanding of Madeleine’s problem. The make-up and costume play an important part in the recreation scenes, while the props assisted the audience and John Ferguson in piecing the puzzle together and figuring out Gain’s plan. The lighting enhanced many scenes in the film. The parts that impressed me were the following: the recreation of Madeleine scene, John's dream sequence, the monastery scenes, Judy's guilt trip and the scenes involving John's fear of heights. In conclusion, all these factors made Vertigo a great film and made it much more enjoyable for the audience. All the Hollywood Classical Film characteristics that are used in the film enhance the power of Vertigo. Everyone should see Vertigo, since it is a perfect example of a Hollywood Classical Film. In my opinion Alfred Hitchcock was a genius and Vertigo is one of the greatest Hollywood films ever created.